Method for making color prints



3 Sheets-Sheet 1 SW M W H mm m m M m :E k 4! 3 n mg a. v Quiz-2w E BAV @3 1951" F. c. WILLIAMS EI'AL 2,566,277

METHOD FOR MAKING COLOR PRINTS Original Filed May 10, 1945 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 a FRANIQJV C.'WILLIAMS ATTORNEYS F. c. WILLIAMS EI'AL METHOD FOR MAKING COLOR PRINTS Opiginal Filed May 10, 1946 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 FIG.4.

FIG. 5.

FIG. 7. I

c OVER FRANKLIN C. WILLIAMS FORDYCE M. BROWN INVENTORS 4 i BY ATTORNEY Patented Aug. 28, 1951 Franklin 0. Williams, Huntington Station, and Fordyce M. Brown, Rochester, N. Y., assign'ors to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New J ersey' Original application May 10, 1946, Serial 'No. 668,832. Div'ided and this application August 16, 1947, Serial No. 768,986

'5 Glaims.

The present invention relates to a 'niethod tor making color prints, and this application is :a division of our copending application Serial No. 668,832, filed May 10, 1946, .now Patent No. 2,500,049.

Specifically, this invention relates to an improvement in the method and apparatus for making color prints set forth in copending patent applications, Serial Numbers 668.800 and 771,068 filed May 10., .1946 and August 28, 1947., respectively, the latter now Patent No; 2,'52-1,954, in the names of Clifton M. Tuttle and Fordyce MrBrown.

The color printer :set forth in these copending applications, and known as :a negative-integrator type printer, operates in the following manner: The color negative is placed over a diffuse light source. An image of this negative is projected onto a color-sensitive paper by a .lens which can be successively covered by a red, a green and a blue filter. Light from this source and transmitted by the negative also illuminates a photoelectric cell in such a way that an integration ofthe negatives transmittance is effected.

When the red filter is over the projection .lens

a similar, but not identical, red filter is also placed over the integrating cell. With such an arrangement the intensity of the source is quickly adjusted until a. predetermined fixed response of the photo-electric cell and system associated therewith results and a fixed time expo sure is then given to the printing material. The operation is .then repeated with green filters over the lens and photo-cell, adjusting to the same photo-cell system response, and finally with blue filtersover the lens and photo-cell.

The adjustments of the printer control (the predetermined response of the photo-cell system which determines the intensity of the colored printing beam) are empirically determined and are correct only for a given set of color sensitivities of the individual layers of the multi-layer color sensitive printing material. If :a change in any of these color sensitivities occurs as a result of change in printing material or in processing, the adjustments of the printer control must be revised. This means that every time a new batch of printing material is used which might havea color sensitivity different from that for which the printer is initially adjusted, or there is a change in the processing procedure (such as a change in processing solutions, the order of processing, etc.) which might cause a change in the the apparent color sensitivity of the printin material, the printer must be readjusted empirically to accommodate any change in sensitivity which might occur. This is a decided drawback which restricts the quality and the quantity of"the-output oi the printer "inquestion. 7

The primary object of the present invention isthe; provision of 'a method for compensating for variations in the exposure requirements in making a color print "by the above-disclosed method and apparatuswhichm'i'g'ht be'introduced by a change in the color sensitivity of theprinting material due to an actual change in the emulsion sensitivity iand/oran apparent change in sensitivity due to a change in the processing procedure.

Another object to provide a method for com pensating for variations in the exposure requirements in the making of a color print 'by the method and apparatus above described which completely compensates for any accidental variations in the behavior of the automatic intensity controller of said printer. I

The novel features that we consider characteristic of our invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both :as to its organization and its methods of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the-following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings in which,

Fig. l is a diagrammatic view, in perspective, of the essential mechanism and circuit organization of one embodiment-0f a combined color printer and compensating unit constructed in accordance with the present invention.

Fig. 1A is a wiring detail showing the hook-up between the integrating :cell "of the printer and. the compensating cell of. the compensating unit in accordance with the arrangement of Fig. 1,

Fig. 2 is a plan view of a color negative used to make the compensator chart used in the compensating unit of Fig. 1,

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatieview, in perspective, of the essential mechanism and circuit organization of a. combined color printer and compensating unit constructed in accordance with another, and preferred, embodiment of the present invention,

Fig. 4 is a horizontal sectional view of a compensating unit suitable for use in the arrangement shown in Fig. 3, r

v Fig. 5 is a vertical section of thecom'pensatins unit shown in Fig. "4 and show'ing the stage 3 for illuminating the yellow chart area by a blue light,

Fig. 6 is a view of the type of compensator chart adapted for use in the compensating unit shown in Figs. 3-5, and

Fig. 7 is a wiring diagram for the three lamps of the compensating unit.

Like reference characters refer to corresponding parts throughout the drawings.

As pointed out above, the adjustments of the negative-integrator type color printer referred to are empirically determined and are correct only for a given set of sensitivities of the individual layers of the multi-layer color sensitive printing material. If a change in any of'these sensitivities occurs as a result of change in paper or processing, the printer adjustments must be 7 revised. These revisions can be computed if the sensitometric characteristics of the new paperprocessing combination, relative to the old combination, or the one for which the printer is initially adjusted, are known.

According to the present invention, one method of making such determinations of sensitometric characteristics consists of making sensitometer exposures on the printing material with red, green and blue light of such quality that each exposes only a single emulsion layer of the multi-layer printing material. Subsequent processing then results in isolated'areas of cyan, magenta, and yellow dye deposits. The density level of these dye deposits should be somewhere on the straightline portions of theprinting material characteristic' curves. Now the density of these dye deposits can be determined by a photo-electric densitometer, using red, green and blue illuminants of such quality that the gamma of each individual dye deposit ofthe paper as determined by this densitometer is 1. Say then that the comparison of a new printing material with one currently in use, and for which the printer is adjusted, shows identical yellow and magenta dye deposit densities, but an increase of 0.10 in density of the cyan deposit. The required revision of printer adjustment is one which will decrease the printing of the red sensitive layer of the printing material by log 0.10.

One possible method of making this revision is by increasing the sensitivity of the transmission integrator of the printer by log 0.10 for red transmission integrations. We have discovered how this can be done automatically and will now .describe our invention in connection with difierent embodiments of the color printer shown in the above-noted copending Tuttle and Brown applications.

We will first consider the application of the present invention to an embodiment of the color printer such as that shown in Figs. 1 and 6 of the noted Tuttle and Brown applications. As shown in Fig.1 of the present application this embodiment of the printer comprises a standard projection printer having a "white light source I ll, a carrier for negative, a projection lens I 2, and-means,'not shown, for holding a sheet of multi-layer color sensitive printing paper l3 in the focal plane of the lens. A filter disk I5 is disposed between the negative and the lens and includes three filters, one each of red, green and blue, designated R, G, and B, respectively, which may be individually indexed into the printing beam transmitted by the color negative in the carrier to spectrally select separate colors from the beam for printing purposes. When making a color print, the filter disk is first ll- 4 dexed to place the red filter R in the printing beam and the color-sensitive paper is exposed to red light for a given time. Then the filter is successively indexed to position the green and blue filters, G and B, in the prlntingbeam and the same paper area is successively exposed to each of these colors for a given length of time. When paper has been exposed to each of the primarycolors for the selected time, the exposure is completed and the print is ready for processing.

The printing time for each of the primary colors is fixed and the intensity of the light source is varied in accordance with the color balance of the negative so that the paper is given the same exposure for each of the three colors. To do this, a light-sensitive cell l6 of the photoemissive type is disposed adjacent to the lens in a position which enables it to receive light passed by the negative. This cell, known as the integrating and measuring cell, is alternately covered by red, green and blue filters in the same order as the printing beam, and forpurposes of simplicity we have shown the cell covered by the same filter as cuts the printing beam for exposure purposes, although this is not actually the case as will be appreciated by referring to the above-noted Tuttle and Brown application. After a given color filter has been indexed over the lens and cell, red for instance, the cell inte grates the red light transmitted by the negative and begins to measure its intensity. The intensity of the printing source is then varied. by means of rheostat l1 until the cell gives a signal that the intensity of the light is sufficient for printing purposes. Then the exposure of the paper by that color, red by way of example, is started and maintained for a pre-selected time. This procedure-is then repeated with each of the green and blue filters indexed into the printing beam and over the integrating cell.

The printer includes an automatic control of the type shown in Fig. 1, and completely described in the above-noted copending application. Only so much of this control will be briefly described herein as necessitates an understanding of the present invention. The rheostat I 1 is adapted to'be driven in both directions by a shaded-pole reversible motor Mp.

to a minimum value after which the shading windings are reversed and the motor drives in a direction to cut the resistance out of the lamp circuit. The integrator cell I6 integrates and measures the intensity of the negative transmitted light and when the intensity reaches a pro-selected value, as determined by the adjustment of the system, the output of the cell as amplified by amplifier I03 trips a relay composed of-coil 63 and switch 59 to break the motor circuit. The exposure with the color lightas so adjustedlredfor instance) is then made with this adjusted intensity and the procedure is repeated in succession for both green and blue light.

Having briefly outlined the structure and operation of that part of the color printer which is essential to an understanding of the present invention, we will now describe how the present invention may be combined therewith to automatically compensate the printer control. for- The direction of drive of this motor is controlled by a cam 6| which (mor cream 5. changes in the sensitometric characteristics at a new paper-processing combination relative to. the combination for which the printer is initially adjusted. According to the present invention we incorporate the physical densitometer,v described above relative to determining the sensitometric characteristics of a new paper and processing. combination, in the printer control.. It is shown in the box shown in dotted lines, labeled compensator unit at the left end orFig. i. It comprises a light source H or known intensity which can be successively interceptedby red, green and blue. filters Re, Ga and Bo, respectively, carried by disk 26 mounted on shaft 1 21. Also. mounted onshait I2! is a turn-table IZBi'on which is positioned a compensating. chart. I29 having cyan, magenta and yellow dye deposit areas C, M, and Y respectively, said chart being-made by giving the paper to be used a seusitometric exposure. to red, green and blue light and. processing thesame- .by the processing procedure to. be used in. conjunction with prints. made on the. printer.

This chart is oriented with respect to. the disk I so that. as the shaft .121 is indexed the cyan area will be illuminated. by red light, .the magenta area will be illuminated by green light and the yellow area by blue light. Or, stating it another way, each of the primary color .lights will illuminate an area the color of which is a subtractive primary thereof. or, each area of the chart is illuminated by a light which is complementary in color with respect thereto. shaft 22 on which the filter disk [5 of the printer is mounted is positively connectedto the shaft I 2! so that corresponding color filters are moved into the printing beam and the light beam of the compensator unit at'the same time. we have indicated this connection as a chain drive 33!! for purposes of simplicity. Light reflected by the respective chart areas C, M and Y are picked up by a photo-=emissive type light-sensitive cell 13! which will be referred to as the compensating cell.

The compensating cell I3! iscconnected into the amplifier circuit of the printer to act as a load resistor of the amplifier |U3 which is handling the response of the negative integrating cell it of the printer. This hook-up is clearly shown in Fig. 1A. The sensitivity of the amplifier is directly proportional to the loa'dresistance. The resistance of a photo cell is inversely proportional to its illumination. Therefore, the sensitivity of the amplifier is now inversely proportional to the illumination of the compensating cell I31, and the log sensitivity of the ampli= her is directly proportional to the density of the paper dye deposits. The log intensity of the illuminant called for by theprinter' amplifier therefore, inversely proportional to the density of the dye deposit. Because gamma is i, the intensity of the printing light has been made inversely proportional to the sensitivity of the paper, and exact compensation is therefore eif'ected. As will be apparent from an inspection of Fig. I, when the integrating photo cell I6, is adiusting the red-printing intensity for the negative, the compensating unit adjusts the amplifier sensitivity according to the red sensitivity. of the paper, and likewise for the printing with green and blue light.

The compensator used in this mannerv would. be moderately useful, but it can be made of much. more value if the compensating chart I29 is printed on the printer it is to control. This. not only eliminates the need. .for. the sensitometer, but introduces complete compensation ion filter I a. accidental variation in. the behavior oi the auto; matic printer intensity controller. .Y Suppose we have received. a new printer from the instrument shops. It is to be adjusted tomake. satisfactory prints on a paper oi average characteristics. Since it contains the compensating unit above described... some set of reflectors is required for. placement in the compensating. unit toset. the. amplifier sensitivitiesfat an initialvalue. A stable uniform gray reflector can be used, rather than. a set. of dye deposits. lWith this gray reflector in. place, the printer is-ads justed by trial until satisfactory prints result. Now suppose we havev available a transparent color chart or negative I32 such as-isshown Fig. 2'. The red; green and blue nlters,.R,.G,- and B pass suinciently narrow bands of the SD33?- trum that when they are combined with any at the projection lens filters the transmitted. light exposes only one of the layers of the multi-l'ayer. printing paper. A cyan dye deposit will result from the image of the red filter, a magentadye deposit from the green filter anda yellowdye de-. posit from the blue. Transmiiatances f-the filter sectors of this chart must he so that when it is used as a negative. to make. a

print on the paper for which the printer. has been adjusted, this print can be used. changeably with the gray reflector in the. come pensating unit. To make such adjustmenteasy, the color filter sectors should occupy .a. rela-.. tively small portion of the chart area; the rest should be a uniform color and can. convenientlybe gray as indicated. The adjustmentie-ihenmade by adding neutral density to the filter sectors. l T

A printed compensator chart can now be put into. the. compensating unit and-the printer is ready to make prints. on the paper which: produced the compensator chart. chart can stay in the printer aslong as no change occurs in the. color sensitivity of the printing paper-"used; the processing balance, or printer behavior. The gray filter and the compensator: chart negative [32. should remain available It any change of any or these factors occurs, the gray filter is placed in the compensating unit and a new print or compensator chart-is made with said negative chart. The resulting new compensator chart is then placed in the compensating unit, and. the

- color balance of the print automatically returns to the point to which the original trialadiustment was made. Whatever changes. the printer control, the paper or the processing tries tomakc in the print balance will; first take place" on the print of the compensator chart, which will remove the effect in the subsequent printing of the. picture negatives. The printing balance: is, therefore, controlled solely by the characteristics of the. compensator. chart negative, and as longas this is-constant the-printer will always return to making prints of the original color balance.

The present compensating unit is applicable to the embodiment of thecolor printer shown in the above-noted Tuttle and Brown ccpending. applications which uses barrier-type photocells for integrating. purposes, as well as the embodiment usingphoto-emissive type cells as set forth. above, and such a modification of the present invention will now be described. 1 r In Fig. 3 we have shown the embodiment ofthe. color printer control shownin Fig. '7 of the above-notedTuttle and Brown applications modifled to incorporate the cells of a compensating unit in. accordancewith the.- present invention.

7'? A complete description of this type or printer control can be had by referring to said Tuttle and Brown applications, but enough of it will be briefly outlined here to make the application of our compensating unit thereto readily understandable.

This form 01' the printer control uses three separate integrating cells of the barrier-layer type, one On covered with a red filter, another Ce covered with a green filter, and the third Ce covered with a blue filter. These cells measure the light transmitted by the color negative I 4 and are individually cut into the measuring circuit by ,means 01' a cam 42 operating switches Sn, Sc and BB in the proper timed relation with the indexing of the filter sectors R, G and B into the printing beam. In this embodiment, a servosystem is used to control the intensity of the printing source I II. This involves connecting a standard source of potential in bucking relation to the output of the integrating cell to provide a null system, and feeding the output of the cell and standard potential through a servo-amplifier 32, the reversible motor MP of which drives the rheostat I! to adjust the intensity of the printing lamp Ill until the output of the measuring cell is equal and opposite to that of the standard source of potential connected in bucking relation thereto.

' The only change in this printer control which the present invention necessitates is the substitution oi three barrier-layer type photo-cells Ba, Ba and BB for the standard source of potential normally used to buck, or oppose, the output of measuring cells 012.00 and Cs of the printer. These photo cells Ba, Ba and Be constitute. a part of the compensating unit to be described. and 'the' compensating cell'Ba is connected in opposition withthered integrating cell Ca and the compensating cell B in opposition to the integrating cell Co and the compensating cellBa in opposition to the integrating cell'CB. Each of the integrating cells Ca, CG, and as and its corresponding one of compensating cells Ba, Ba and BB are connected in pairs and in buckingrelation into the control circuit by 'rotation'of the cam 42.

Referring now to Figs. 4, 5, and 6 the compensating unit of which the compensating cells Ba, Ba, and BB form a part will now be described. Three tungsten-filament lamps L are mounted in separate compartments of a housing I35. These lamps are preferably low-"wattage lamps with horizontal line filaments." Each 'of the filaments is imaged by a high-aperture condenser-lens pair I36 on a slit I311 The light forming the image is filtered by anappropriate color filter F placed between'the slit and the condenser lens pair. The filter in front'of one of the lamps is red and is designated Faganother is green and designated Fe, and the last is blue'and'desi'gnated Fe. The slits are on the axis of a semi-cylindrical and I38 on the housing and around which .is wrapped the compensator chartl29', of the form shown in Fig. 6, and into which are out Windows I 39 to disclose the colored areas of the compensator chart. .The slit is covered by a field lens H which images the condenser lens on the compensator chart. The chart is held in wrapped relation with the end of the housing by any suitable means such as a flexible metal strap, not shown, which is also wrapped around theend of, the housing in covering relation with the chart.

The arrangement and size of the colored areas in the compensator chart conform to that of the window dimensions and pattern, in 1 the" semi- 8' cylindrical end or the housing and is optional; This chart is-made exactly in the same manner as the one described in connection with the firstmentioned embodiment of the invention, and the negative of which this is a print comprises three color filters on a gray background, in an arrange ment which is, naturally, a proportional reduction of the print arrangement, the reduction being equal to the magnification factor of the printer. Thecolor filters used in this negative are the same as the printer lens filters, plus neutral densities in the required amounts.

Each area or the'compensator chart, then, is illuminated by a slit source which emits light of selected quality only in directions which confine the illumination to the desired chart'area, and

all of the light is directed to the chart areas in a radial plane. Since the surface of the compensator chart is specular, all of the light reflected by the surface returns to the cylindrical axis and is largely lost. The light which is to activate the compensating cells is that which is diffusely reflected by the print areas. Part of this light from each chart area falls on two 01' the barrier layer type compensating cells havingthe same.

color sensitivity so disposed as to safely avoid the specular reflections, but to intercept as much as possible of the difiused light, see Fig. 5.

Because of space limitations, the compensating cells Ba and Be which are to be illuminated by light reflected from the cyan and magenta areas of the chart are each so placed, as not shown,

as to receive light from both print areas. Confusion of response is eliminated, however, by covering half of each cell with an opaque sheet, so that light reflected from the cyan print area acts only on the uncovered half of one cell, and the light from the magenta area acts'only on the uncovered half of, the other cell. The responses of these small cell elements are adequate. The amount of energy reflected by the yellow print area is so small, however, that two complete cells and a larger chart area are used to improve the emciency of its interception.

As will be appreciated, the compensating cell Ba of the compensating unit which measures the light diffusely reflected from the cyan area of the chart when illuminated by red light is connected in opposition to the integrating cell Ca of the printer which measures the intensity of the red light transmitted by the negative. Likewise the compensating cell Be measuring the light reflected by the magenta area when illuminated by green light is connected in opposition to the green filtered integrating cell Co of the printer. And finally, the compensating cell BB is connected in opposition with the blue-sensitive integrating cell C3 of the printer. Where more than one compensating cell is used to measure the light reflected from a single chart area they will be connected in parallel so that their output adds up and is the equivalent to the output of a single cell having twice the sensitivity of one.

A compensating unit of this type provides correct action for a color printer using barrier layer type integrating cells, provided a null-balancing system is used. That is, the response of the compensating cells and the response of the integrating cells must be equal and of opposite polarity when the printer is at printing balance. In this application, instead of requiring that increased compensator response decrease the integrator sensitivity, an increase in compensator response directly requires an equal increase of integrator response to return the printer control to balance.

With the present compensator unit it is possible to readily adjust the printer action to accommodate abnormal color negatives merely by varying the intensity of the compensator light sources. For example, in Fig. 7 we have shown how the lights of the compensating unit may be wired so that each lamp L of the compensator '10 value of said given output signal thereof; compensating for variations in the exposure requirements which may be introduced by a change in color sensitivity of the printing material to be unit can be operated at only one of three intensity levels, the changes occurring simultaneously if a simple change in over-all print density is required, or independently, if changes in color balance are required. The three-lamps are connected in parallel to the secondary of a, transformer T connected to a 110 v. line. By turning a dial I42 over a scale marked over," normal and "under a difierent amount of resistance can be cut into the primary of the transformer T to simultaneously change the intensity of each of the three compensating lamps for control of the over-all density of the prints. On the other hand, each of the lamps has a group of different resistances in their own individual circuits which may be individually cut into the circuits of the lamps by turning the proper one of the dials Ill between points marked over, normal" and "under on the panel of the control to alter the color balance of the prints made from abnormal negatives. Each lamp circuit will preferably include an adjustable resistance R for facilitating initial adjustment of the compensating unit.

While we have shown and described certain specific embodiments of our invention we are aware that many modifications thereof are possible. Our invention, therefore, is not to be limited to the precise details of construction shown and described butis intended to cover all modiflcations coming within the scope of the ap pended claims.

Having thus described our invention, what we claim is new and desire to protect by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. The method of making a color print from a color negative which comprises illuminating the color negative with a light source including the primary colors; individually photoelectrically integrating and measuring the intensity of each of the primary colors in the printing beam transmitted by said negative and automatically adjusting the intensity of each primary color until it is equal to a preselected value, as indicated by a given output signal from the photoelectric measuring means; then printing the negative onto a color-sensitive material for a given time using the printing beam as so adjusted; making a standard tricolor compensating chart from a given chart negative on"a sheet of printing material having certain sensitivity characteristics; illuminating each of the color areas on said chart with light substantially complementary thereto and of a given intensity; individually photoelectrically measuring the intensity of light diflusely reflected from said chart areas; feeding the output of said last-mentioned photoelectric means into the measuring circuit of the photoelectric integrating means to establish the used instead of that for which said given output signal of the integrating and. measuring means is initially adjusted, and including the steps of making a second tricolor chart from said chart negative using the printing material proposed for use and using the same exposure factors as used in making the standard tricolor chart; substituting said second chart for the first chart and photoelectrically measuring the intensity of the light diffusely reflected from the areas thereof; and feeding the output of said photoelectric measuring means into the circuit of the photoelectric integrating means to modify its response and, hence, said given output signal in accordance with the sensitivity characteristics of the new printing material.

2. A method of making a color print according to claim 1, and including the step of varying the intensity of the light illuminating each colored area of said compensating chart from the known value and by the same amount to vary the over-all density of the print.

3. A method of making a color print according to claim 1, and including the step of individually adjusting the intensity of the light illuminating one of said color areas of said compensating charts from the known value to alter the color balance of the print.

4. A method of making color prints accordin to claim 1, and including the step of processin said second compensating chart in accordance with a processing technique proposed for use in processing the color prints whereby changes in color sensitivity of the printing material due to variations in processing technique are compensated for.

5. A method of making color prints according to claim 1, and in which the prints of the tricolor compensating charts are made using the photoelectric integrating and measuring means to be used in making the prints from the color negatives whereby uncontrollable changes in the response of said integrating and measuring means are compensated for.

FRANKLIN C. WILLIAMS. FORDYCE M. BROWN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file oi! this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,231,669 Hall Feb. 11, 1941 2,269,161 Morse Jan. 6, 1942 2,388,842 Hanson Nov. 13, 1945 2,402,660 OGrady June 25, 1946 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 409,287 Great Britain Apr. 23, 1934 

